Page 45 Transition
change changeover shift
A transition signal is a word or phrase that shows how one idea is related to another idea. In a listing order paragraph, use transition signals such as First, second,and third to tell your reader that these are main points
Listing order signals
First 2.also
First of all ,also
Second,
Third,l,
In addition,
Also,
Finally
Time order signals
First
First of all
Second,
Third,
Next,
After that,
Then
Finally,
Before a test in the morning
Page 49
Paragraph 1 There are two reasons…………, In brief, I like big cities because of their energy and anonymity.
Paragraph 2 There are two reasons…………….., In brief, big cities are noisy, lonely places to live.
B Page 50
Paragraph 1 Gold Fish…, In conclusion, to have a quiet, economical, and trouble free pet, visit your nearest goldfish store.
Paragraph 2
2. In conclusion, Singapore has it all,
For a safe, clean peaceful city with a high standard of living, consider Singapore.
c 2In short, students take tests before, during and at the end of every term, 3.In short, for easy parking, low operating costs, and affordable price, my next car is going to be a small car. 4. In summary, big cars have more power and stronger bodies, so they will keep you and your family safe in most driving situations. 5.in brief, the four basic skills of baseball are batting, running, throwing, and catching. 6. In conclusion free rent free food free laundry and maid service, and free advice is a very good deal. 7. In conclusion, loss of freedom, independence, and privacy are some of the disadvantages of living at home.
Practice 7 Write a topic sentence and concluding sentence
Title Doctor
Doctore have to very well trained
They need lot of patience( more time with patients, listen carefully, tolerance)
B They need to listen to the patients well. Doctors give us the best advise. Conjunctions Time Subordinators 78 Adjectives 107-111
Page 53 Simple sentence
Rember “fan boys” And connects two sentences with similar ideas, (positive or negative)
For, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. Next,
After that,
Then
Finally,
Before a test in the morning
Page 49
Paragraph 1 There are two reasons…………, In brief, I like big cities because of their energy and anonymity.
Paragraph 2 There are two reasons…………….., In brief, big cities are noisy, lonely places to live.
B Page 50
Paragraph 1 Gold Fish…, In conclusion, to have a quiet, economical, and trouble free pet, visit your nearest goldfish store.
Paragraph 2
2. In conclusion, Singapore has it all,
For a safe, clean peaceful city with a high standard of living, consider Singapore.
c 2In short, students take tests before, during and at the end of every term, 3.In short, for easy parking, low operating costs, and affordable price, my next car is going to be a small car. 4. In summary, big cars have more power and stronger bodies, so they will keep you and your family safe in most driving situations. 5.in brief, the four basic skills of baseball are batting, running, throwing, and catching. 6. In conclusion free rent free food free laundry and maid service, and free advice is a very good deal. 7. In conclusion, loss of freedom, independence, and privacy are some of the disadvantages of living at home.
Practice 7 Write a topic sentence and concluding sentence
Title Doctor
Doctore have to very well trained
They need lot of patience( more time with patients, listen carefully, tolerance)
B They need to listen to the patients well. Doctors give us the best advise. Conjunctions Time Subordinators 78 Adjectives 107-111
Page 53 Simple sentence
Rember “fan boys” And connects two sentences with similar ideas, (positive or negative)
For, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.
I like orange, so I can make juice
I like orange and apple
I like apple so I can make apple jam
I like grapes, but not grape juice.
I like Mango, but not pineapple
He is an American, but he lives in France.
We need to make juice, so we need apples and oranges.
We need t o cook chicken, so we need some vegetables to go with it. He lived in NewYork for 10 years
He worked as a teacher for 5 years
Sv 1. My Familygoes to camp 2. My family goes camping every v summer and usually has fun.
A simple sentence may have one subject and one verb
A simple sentence must have one subject and may have two verbs the second verb Is called compound verb
Compound sentence S v My familygoes camping every summer , andweusually have fun. Compound sentence Last year wewent camping, buteveryonehad a terrible time.
Next year we will go to the beach, or perhaps we will stay at home
Simple sentence with compound verb Last year wewent camping buthad a terrible time
Simple sentence with compound verb Next year we will go to the beach, or perhaps stay at home
We want to buy a house, so we need to save money
Practice 8 Page 54 Subject in Red Verb in green 3 Our parents sat in chairs on the grass and watched us play our children’s 4. We played games such as hide-and seek and tag or we just sat on the grass and told stories 5. We also caught fireflies 6. Weput the fireflies into a glass jar and our father punched air holes in the metal lid 7. My sisterswere afraid of most bugs, (but) theyloved fireflies 8. We usually went to bed at nine o’clock, (but) we stayed up until ten on really warm evenings 9. Around ten o’clock our mother and fathertold us to come inside. 10. Come inside now, (but) leave the fireflies outside, please” our mother always said.
Practice 8 B
1Teenagers findmany ways to drive their parents crazy. 2First, they dye their hair purple or they shave their heads bald2. 3They also tattoo their skin and wearings in their noses. 4In addition, they spend hours at the shopping mall and on the phone. 5They have time to watch TV, but they don’t have time to do their homework. 6Also, they are always too busy to clean up their rooms, but there ‘re never too busy to clean out the refrigerator by eating everying in it. 7Finally, they are old enough to drive but too young to pay for gas. 8They are usually broke, so they always return the family car with an empty gas tank. 9It’s hard to be teenager, but it’s even harder to be the parent of one. 1 simple Sv 2. Compound SV or SV 3.simple SVV 4.SIMPLE SV 5. COMPOUND SV, BUT SV 6. COMPOUND SV,BUT SV 7.SIMPLE SV 8.COMPOUND SV, OR SV 9. COMPOUND SC, BUT SV
Coordinating Conjunctions: and, but, or, so and but or so
In compound sentence, and, but, or, and so have these meanings: And connects two sentences with similar ideas. The sentences can be positive or negative.
My roommate is an art student, and her boy friend plays in a rock band. She doesn’t like rock music, and he doesn’t like art. He doesn’t like art or classical music But connects two sentences with contrasting or opposite ideas.
But She likes classical music, but she doesn’t like rock. She likes country music, but he hates it.
Or Connects two sentences that express alternatives or choices. Every Friday night they got a classical conce rt, or they visit an art gallery.
Every Saturday night he practices with his band, or they go to hear a rock concert
So connects a reason and a result. Reason Result They both like Jazz so they go to jazz concerts together. He works a lot, So they don’t go out very often.
P9 p57 1. The waitress said, “Today we have two specials: fried chicken and meatloaf” 2.I ordered meatloaf, and my friend ordered fried chicken 3After an hour, the waitress came back to our table and said, “I made a mistake. We don’t have chicken or meat loaf.” 4. I wanted to leave the restaurant immediately, but my friend wanted to stay. 5. He ordered a hamburger and french fries , but I didn’t order anything 6 My neighbours are vegetarians , so they don’t eat meat. 7 or, but e the restaurant immediately, 8 so 9They came and brought their young son. 10 He is just a baby so he can’t talk yet. 11They don’t drink coffee or tea, so I served lemonade with our meal. 12For dessert, I offered them a choice of chocolate cake or apple pie.
13 The husband wanted both cake and pie, but the wife didn’t want either.
P10 p 58 2 but 3. but 4. and 5but 6 so 7 but 8 so / and
9 or We are both medium tall, andwe have wavy hair. 3. He is an extrovert, butI am shy. 4.I am younger, sohe was always the boss. 5.Our mother used to tell us, “stop fighting,oryou cant’t watch tv for a week” 6. We fought a lot as children, butnow we are good friends. 7. We married two sisters,sowe see each other often.
P11
2.Kittens are cute,andthey also like to play. 3. Dogs are good companions, and they can also protect you. 4 It is acceptable for dogs to bark at strangers, butthey shouldn’t bite them. 5. Lions are good protectors, butthey eat toomuch. 6. Penguins always wear, tuxedos,sothey are good pets for people who like to go to fancy parties. 7. A pet elephant can fan you with his ears and spray you with his trunk, so you won’t need air conditioning or a shower. 8. Goats eat lots of grass,soyou will never have to cut your lawn.\ 9. A giraffe can reach things on high shelves, Andit can see over the heads of people at parties. 10. Keep a boa constrictor as a pet if you enjoy being alone, andthen no one will ever visit P62-63 Combine the sentences in each group to make one sentence. Some of your sentences will be simple, and some will be compound. There may be more than one possible correct way to combine each group. Write the sentences as a paragraph.
It is often said that women are the weaker sex, but women are actually superior to men in several ways. 2. First of all , women live longer and stay healthier than men in all countries of the world. 3. This difference starts at birth and continues until old age. 4. On the average, women live seven years longer than men in the US. 5 There are 105 boys to every 100 girls at birth, but there are twice as many women as men at age 80. 6. Second, women are bttter than men at things that involve the five senses. 7. Women have a sharper sense of taste and smell. 8. Third, men are physically stronger than women, but women are mentally stronger. 9. For example, more men women had emotional problems during bombing attacks on London in World War II 10. Do you still believe that women are “the weaker sex?”
Chapter 3 Giving instructions How to have a successful garage sale If the steps in your instructions must be in a specific order (such as in the model paragraph about how to have a successful garage sale), use time-order signals. If the order doesn’t matter, use listing ordr signals Prepare ahead in order to have a successful garage sale, First, collect used items in good condition. These items can be clothes, toys, books, dishes, lamps, furniture, TVS, pictures, and sporting goods. Clean everything well and store it in your garage until the day of the sale. Next decide on a day and time for your sale. Third, decide on the prices, and mark a price on each item. If you are not sure how much to charge, check the prices at other garage sales in your community. Fourth make signs advertising the date, time, and address of your sale, and put them up around your neighborhood. Then get some change from the bank. Get at least twenty dollars in one dollar bills, a roll of quarters, and a roll of dimes. Finally get up early on the morning of the sale, and arrange the items on tables in your driveway and in your garage. After that, sit back and wait for your customers to arrive, be prepared to bargain! If you follow all of these steps, your garage sale will be success.
Class 2
Listing order Listing order means the steps you take in writing a paragraph. For E.g. Look at the garage sale
See where it says First,-.-.-.-.-.-.--.-.-.--.-.-.--...-.-. ---.
Now Look where it says next, -,.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.--.
Now look at where it says third.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-...-.--.-.-.-.-. ---.-.-.
Fourth,--.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.
Then, -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. ---.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.
Finally,-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.--.-.-.-.-.-.-.
Timed Order Arrange, Organize, Categorize
Follow the instruction accurately.
E.g. Timed Order follows a different pattern. For e.g. you arrive at the Riyadh airport coming from London.
You need to go home, your brother gets the car but he does not know the route, how to get home. You follow a step by step procedure this is timed order.
First come out of the car park, Turn right on to the main road, after driving for 500 meters
Go to Motorway/Highway? Free way Drive for 20 Kilo meters, then take exit 14, then turn to King Abdul Aziz st. Your house is 3rd on the right. As soon as you enter the king Abdul Aziz st you have reached home.
Another e.g. is to cook the rice
E.g. 2 first take 5 cups of Rice, Second Use the same cup and put 10 cups of water, Cook in High flame, third take the top lid off the rice. Fourth Turn the flame to low and wait for 15 minutes. Fifth Wait another 10 minutes before you serve. Finally it is ready to be served.
Another e.g. 3 How to change oil in your car
Take steps follow procedure Buy oil, Open the Car Bonnet, Open the oil lid or cap, Open the filter, Get an empty bucket, Loosen the old filter, Empty oil into the bucket, wait it nearly drips to the last drop, and d then put new filter and then pour New oil you purchased from the shop. Close oil cap.
soothe
Calm quiet relieve make comfortable
PAGE 69 Practice 1
It's easy to write a paragraph if you follow the 4 four steps in the writing process
2. It is simple to fix bikes puncture, if you see someone do it.
3. Anyone can learn to speak English if he or she is keen to practice.
4. Follow these instructions to reach the airport.
5. Make/Draw/Write/cook a perfect cook by following these steps.
PAGE 70
B Now choose a topic as if you are writing a paragraph
Now we will lean about complex sentence.
A clause is a group of words that contain a subject and a verb. There are two kinds of clauses in English. Independent clauses and dependent clauses Clause means a passage a section or part small part) Independent Clause Dependent clause l
Subject Verb It rained
Dependent Clause
S V Because it rained
1. An independent clause has one SV pair and expresses a complete thought. 2. Independent clause is just another name for a simple sentence.
Subject VERB
Paris has excellent art museums.
We finished our home work
A dependent clause is an independent clause with an subordinating word, such as because , after, and when added to the beginning of it. Subordinating word.
Subject Verb
Because Paris has excellent art museums
Subordinating word s v
After we finished our homework
A dependent clause does not express a complete thought, so ti is not a sentence by itself. It is only half of a sentence. It must be joined to an independent clause, Together two clauses express A COMPLETE THOUGHT
IC DC
Art students should visit paris because it has excellent art museums
After we finished our homework we watched tv for a while
Adverb Sobordinators
Underlined sentence is not a complete sentence so it is dependent caluse or dependent clauses
All green sentece is subordinating clauses I go home after class I will go home as soon as it stops raining
I went to coffee shop before class
I have been at school since 9 am
We don’t go homeuntilwe finish home work
I was having coffee when you came
Eat foodwheneveryou are hungry
Dry your clothes while it is sunny Practice 5 page 79
3 IC 9 IC
4 IC 10 DC WHEN
5 DC 11 IC
6 IC 12 DC AS SOON AS
7 DC AFTER 13 IC 8IC
P6 page 80
2 We were very excitedwhen we won 3 After we got our first payment, we started planning a trip to Italy 4 Before we left on our trip, we wrote to our cousins in Rome and told them our plans. 5 As soon as they received our letter, they called and invited us to stay with them. 6. They were waiting at the airportwhen we arrived 7.They waited outsidewhile the Italian officials checked our passports and languages. 8 Finally, after we got our suitcases, they drove us to their home. 9 As soon as we arrived at their apartment,theywanted to feed us. 10 We ate one delicious home cooked dish after anotheruntil we were stuffed 11 We fell asleepas soon as our heads hit the pillows. 12.Almost 24 hours had passedsince we left home
B page 80 1 b 5 h 2 g 6 a 3 f 7 d 4 e 8 c
Practice 6 B The trip began badly B
It was almost noon G
As soon as I threw out my fishing line F
I spent most of the afternoon untangling my line E After we had been fishing for a couple of hours H
We were totally wet A
When we got back home D It will be a long, long time C
A miserable fishing trip Please write the above in sentences
Practice 6 c Turn back to practice 5 on page 79. Write complex sentences by combining independent clauses with dependent time clauses as follows. 1.combine 1 and 2: I take a walk around the block before I go to work. The exercise wakes up my body and clears my mind Its hard to do this in winter.
2.Combine 5 and 6: When I go to work, it is still dark.
3.Combine 7 and 8 : After I get home from work, It is dark again. 4.Combine 10 and 1: When it is raining, of course, I never go out.
5. Combine 12 and 13 On rainy days, as soon as the alarm clock rings, I turn over and go back to sleep.
Sentence errors: Fragments Fragment is a piece Or part of the sentence so it is a dependent clause. Before the test began As soon as you get home.
To fix this problem add independent clause the fragment.
The teacher passed out pencils and paper before the test began Call me as soon as you get home.
Practice 7 p82 Identify if it is a fragment or sentence Remember fragment is also called a dependent clause.
1f Before I learned to speak English well. 2F Every night , after I finish my homework. 3f As soon as we had the crash 4 s The bicycle racers stopped to rest before they started up the mountain 5s wait until your hear the bell. 6f Whenever my children have a school holiday. 7s I work at night while my husband stays home with the children.
Would you like to own a pair of designer jeans but cant afford to pay designer prices?
Follow these instructions to make your own pair of stylish ripped and faded jeans. First, buy a pair of inexpensive new jeans, or use a pair that you already own. Second find the direction of the lines in the denim fabric, and rub a knife back and forth inb the opposite direction. You can also use a chese frater or a nail file. Keep rubbing until white threads appear. You want the white threads to stay there, so donjt cut them. Next, dip an old toothbrush into bleach and run it around the edges of the balack pockets and over the vbelt loops after that, mix a little bleach with water in a spray bottle, and spray the thighs and seat of the jeans. Then rub sandpaper on the hems of the legs to fray them, and rup one corner of a back pocket. After you wash and dry the jeans several times, your new jeans will look sylish old.
Practice 2 Page 101 Carl is a bad driver He always, drives 20 mph above the speed limit He changes lanes frequently. He never uses his turn signals.
Practice 4 Page 102
There were greasy stains on the seats. Candy wrappers and empty cigaret te packages littered the floor. You couldn’t see through the windows. The door handles were sticky.
5. Every table was occupied. The cafeteria line stretched out the door. Students yelled across the room to their friends. Dishes, trays, and utensils banged together. Practice 3: The Limousine was quite luxurious. It was at least fifteen feet long. It had six doors and could carry ten passengers comfortably. The outside of the limousine was silver in color. The shine from so much chrome hurt your eyes. The inside had soft white leather seats and thick white cartpet. There was a sound system, a television ste, a VCR and a shelf full of movies to watch.There was also a refrigerator full of drinks, a bucket of ice, two trays of sandwiches, a large bowl of fruit, and several small bowls of nuts and candy. Practice 4 My roommate’s half of our refrigerator is very neat. A On the top shelf is a cartoon of milk, a pitcher of orange juice, and a bottle of mineral water. B On the next shelf are cans of soda, C On the third shelf, he keeps dairy food, such as butter cheese eggs and yogurt. D On the botton shelf sit plastic containers of leftovers, E There are two drawers in the bottom of the refrigerator. My roommate is an organized person, and his half of our refrigerator really reflects his personality.
Grammar What is an adjective A description of noun or pronoun I have a car Caris noun I have a RedCar I have a phone I have a black phone You can also ask a question the answer is adjective I have a car Q what is the color of your car? My Cars color is green
Adjective s are never plural Always singular Big feet not Bigs feet Terrible memories (not terrible memories) My home is painted green Practice 5 P106
S 2 Main, paint, black, blue, green, yellow, white, different S 3 terrible S 4 several, big S 5 broken, strong S 6.back, rusty, front, cracked S 7 terrible S 8 passenger, door, missing, passenger’ S 9 ten, large S 10 gas, broken S 11 (none) S12 broken S13 first, old, few, my, perfect Q2 outside to inside.
Practice 6 2Big blackCLOUDS announced an approaching rainstorm. 3 Colorful rectangularflags hung from every window. (here color is not color green but opinion) 4 Children played on the thick green grass 5,I dream about relaxing on a beautiful white sandbeach 6They got married in a small Italian stone 7 The parents left their two young children with the grandparents whil they worked 8 Mr. Thomson’s advanced English class has thirty students 9The real estate agent pointed out Several minor Problems with the house. 10 Four large bedroom windows were broken.
P7 page 110 1. The people want a smart, experienced, honest leader. 2. Most students like friendly, enthusiastic, imaginative teachers. 3. I am tired of the cold, rainy weather. 4. I am looking forward to the warm, sunny, relaxing days of summer. 5. The prince in a fairy tale is either tall, dark, and handsome or tall, blond, and handsome. 6. A fairy-tale prince is never short, bald, and ugly. Practice8 Red cumulative Green Coordinating adjectives 2Four shiny black limousines were parked outside the hotel. 3. The small redapples looked sweet, crisp, juicy, and delicious. 4. Hundreds ofhappy, cheering football fans ran onto the field. 5. The pretty new French teacher is from Qubec. 6. My father bought a beautiful antique Persianrug as a twentieth anniversary gift for my mother.
Sit=assemble Practice 9: Editing adjectives page 110 Find and correct the errors in the following sentences. In some sentences, commas are missing. In other sentences, adjectives are in the wrong order. 1. The hungry, frightened dog waited for someone to feed him. 2. The little black dog waited for someone to feed him 3. M y mother always bakesa delicious chocolatecake for little bother’s birthday. 4. For his tenth birthday, he received a new metal baseball bat. 5. The coach’s enthusiastic, supportive manner gave the team confidence. Practice 10 Writing sentences with adjectives page 111 2 I also saw a pair of dirty, smelly sports socks. 3 Then I discovered a box of broken yellow pencils. 4. Next to it, I found a greasy paper bag with dried-up French fries inside it. 5 the discovery of several empty soda bottles and cans didn’t surprise me. ar|conjunction%0D%0Afan%20boys%0D%0Af%3Dfor%0D%0Aa%3Dand%0D%0An%3Dnor%0D%0Ab%3Dbut%0D%0Ao%3Dor%0D%0Ay%3Dyet%0D%0As%3Dso|**http://translate.google.com/#en|ar|conjunction%0D%0Afan%20boys%0D%0Af%3Dfor%0D%0Aa%3Dand%0D%0An%3Dnor%0D%0Ab%3Dbut%0D%0Ao%3Dor%0D%0Ay%3Dyet%0D%0As%3Dso** identify which one is a fact and which one is opinion // تحديدالحقيقه والرأي Facts and opinions The sun rises in the east The sunrise was beautiful this morning The temperature of the lake is 55 degrees F.The lake is too cold for swimming.
According to highway accidentReports, uing a cell phone while driving Is dangerous. Using a cellphone while driving is dangerous. Women could not vote in the United Everyone should vote States until 1920 Mrs. Kingsley said, “I am a good Mrs. Kingsley is a good mother. Mother” Fact or opinion
Transition
change changeover shift
A transition signal is a word or phrase that shows how one idea is related to another idea. In a listing order paragraph, use transition signals such as First, second,and third to tell your reader that these are main points
Listing order signals
First 2.also
First of all ,also
Second,
Third,l,
In addition,
Also,
Finally
Time order signals
First
First of all
Second,
Third,
Next,
After that,
Then
Finally,
Before a test in the morning
Page 49
Paragraph 1
There are two reasons…………,
In brief, I like big cities because of their energy and anonymity.
Paragraph 2
There are two reasons……………..,
In brief, big cities are noisy, lonely places to live.
B Page 50
Paragraph 1
Gold Fish…,
In conclusion, to have a quiet, economical, and trouble free pet, visit your nearest goldfish store.
Paragraph 2
2. In conclusion, Singapore has it all,
For a safe, clean peaceful city with a high standard of living, consider Singapore.
c
2In short, students take tests before, during and at the end of every term,
3.In short, for easy parking, low operating costs, and affordable price, my next car is going to be a small car.
4. In summary, big cars have more power and stronger bodies, so they will keep you and your family safe in most driving situations.
5.in brief, the four basic skills of baseball are batting, running, throwing, and catching.
6. In conclusion free rent free food free laundry and maid service, and free advice is a very good deal.
7. In conclusion, loss of freedom, independence, and privacy are some of the disadvantages of living at home.
Practice 7
Write a topic sentence and concluding sentence
Title Doctor
Doctore have to very well trained
They need lot of patience( more time with patients, listen carefully, tolerance)
B They need to listen to the patients well.
Doctors give us the best advise.
Conjunctions
Time Subordinators 78
Adjectives 107-111
Page 53 Simple sentence
Rember “fan boys”
And connects two sentences with similar ideas, (positive or negative)
For, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.
Next,
After that,
Then
Finally,
Before a test in the morning
Page 49
Paragraph 1
There are two reasons…………,
In brief, I like big cities because of their energy and anonymity.
Paragraph 2
There are two reasons……………..,
In brief, big cities are noisy, lonely places to live.
B Page 50
Paragraph 1
Gold Fish…,
In conclusion, to have a quiet, economical, and trouble free pet, visit your nearest goldfish store.
Paragraph 2
2. In conclusion, Singapore has it all,
For a safe, clean peaceful city with a high standard of living, consider Singapore.
c
2In short, students take tests before, during and at the end of every term,
3.In short, for easy parking, low operating costs, and affordable price, my next car is going to be a small car.
4. In summary, big cars have more power and stronger bodies, so they will keep you and your family safe in most driving situations.
5.in brief, the four basic skills of baseball are batting, running, throwing, and catching.
6. In conclusion free rent free food free laundry and maid service, and free advice is a very good deal.
7. In conclusion, loss of freedom, independence, and privacy are some of the disadvantages of living at home.
Practice 7
Write a topic sentence and concluding sentence
Title Doctor
Doctore have to very well trained
They need lot of patience( more time with patients, listen carefully, tolerance)
B They need to listen to the patients well.
Doctors give us the best advise.
Conjunctions
Time Subordinators 78
Adjectives 107-111
Page 53 Simple sentence
Rember “fan boys”
And connects two sentences with similar ideas, (positive or negative)
For, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.
I like orange, so I can make juice
I like orange and apple
I like apple so I can make apple jam
I like grapes, but not grape juice.
I like Mango, but not pineapple
He is an American, but he lives in France.
We need to make juice, so we need apples and oranges.
We need t o cook chicken, so we need some vegetables to go with it.
He lived in NewYork for 10 years
He worked as a teacher for 5 years
Sv
1. My Family goes to camp
2. My family goes camping every
v
summer and usually has fun.
A simple sentence may have one subject and one verb
A simple sentence must have one subject and may have two verbs the second verb Is called compound verb
Compound sentence
S v
My family goes camping every summer , and weusually have fun.
Compound sentence
Last year we went camping, but everyone had a terrible time.
Next year we will go to the beach, or perhaps we will stay at home
Simple sentence with compound verb
Last year we went camping but had a terrible time
Simple sentence with compound verb
Next year we will go to the beach, or perhaps stay at home
We want to buy a house, so we need to save money
Practice 8
Page 54
Subject in Red
Verb in green
3 Our parents sat in chairs on the grass and watched us play our children’s
4. We played games such as hide-and seek and tag or we just sat on the grass and told stories
5. We also caught fireflies
6. We put the fireflies into a glass jar and our father punched air holes in the metal lid
7. My sisters were afraid of most bugs, (but) they loved fireflies
8. We usually went to bed at nine o’clock, (but) we stayed up until ten on really warm evenings
9. Around ten o’clock our mother and father told us to come inside.
10. Come inside now, (but) leave the fireflies outside, please” our mother always said.
Practice 8 B
1Teenagers findmany ways to drive their parents crazy. 2First, they dye their hair purple or they shave their heads bald2. 3They also tattoo their skin and wearings in their noses. 4In addition, they spend hours at the shopping mall and on the phone. 5They have time to watch TV, but they don’t have time to do their homework. 6Also, they are always too busy to clean up their rooms, but there ‘re never too busy to clean out the refrigerator by eating everying in it. 7Finally, they are old enough to drive but too young to pay for gas. 8They are usually broke, so they always return the family car with an empty gas tank. 9It’s hard to be teenager, but it’s even harder to be the parent of one.
1 simple Sv
2. Compound SV or SV
3.simple SVV
4.SIMPLE SV
5. COMPOUND SV, BUT SV
6. COMPOUND SV,BUT SV
7.SIMPLE SV
8.COMPOUND SV, OR SV
9. COMPOUND SC, BUT SV
Coordinating Conjunctions: and, but, or, so
and but or so
In compound sentence, and, but, or, and so have these meanings:
And connects two sentences with similar ideas. The sentences can be positive or negative.
My roommate is an art student, and her boy friend plays in a rock band.
She doesn’t like rock music, and he doesn’t like art.
He doesn’t like art or classical music
But connects two sentences with contrasting or opposite ideas.
But
She likes classical music, but she doesn’t like rock.
She likes country music, but he hates it.
Or Connects two sentences that express alternatives or choices.
Every Friday night they got a classical conce
rt, or they visit an art gallery.
Every Saturday night he practices with his band, or they go to hear a rock concert
So connects a reason and a result.
Reason Result
They both like Jazz so they go to jazz concerts together.
He works a lot, So they don’t go out very often.
P9 p57
1. The waitress said, “Today we have two specials: fried chicken and meatloaf”
2.I ordered meatloaf, and my friend ordered fried chicken
3After an hour, the waitress came back to our table and said, “I made a mistake. We don’t have chicken or meat loaf.”
4. I wanted to leave the restaurant immediately, but my friend wanted to stay.
5. He ordered a hamburger and french fries , but I didn’t order anything
6 My neighbours are vegetarians , so they don’t eat meat.
7 or, but
e the restaurant immediately,
8 so
9They came and brought their young son.
10 He is just a baby so he can’t talk yet.
11They don’t drink coffee or tea, so I served lemonade with our meal.
12For dessert, I offered them a choice of chocolate cake or apple pie.
13 The husband wanted both cake and pie, but the wife didn’t want either.
P10 p 58
2 but
3. but
4. and
5but
6 so
7 but
8 so / and
9 or
We are both medium tall, andwe have wavy hair.
3. He is an extrovert, butI am shy.
4.I am younger, sohe was always the boss.
5.Our mother used to tell us, “stop fighting,oryou cant’t watch tv for a week”
6. We fought a lot as children, butnow we are good friends.
7. We married two sisters,sowe see each other often.
P11
2.Kittens are cute,andthey also like to play.
3. Dogs are good companions, and they can also protect you.
4 It is acceptable for dogs to bark at strangers, butthey shouldn’t bite them.
5. Lions are good protectors, butthey eat toomuch.
6. Penguins always wear, tuxedos,sothey are good pets for people who like to go to fancy parties.
7. A pet elephant can fan you with his ears and spray you with his trunk, so you won’t need air conditioning or a shower.
8. Goats eat lots of grass,soyou will never have to cut your lawn.\
9. A giraffe can reach things on high shelves, Andit can see over the heads of people at parties.
10. Keep a boa constrictor as a pet if you enjoy being alone, andthen no one will ever visit
P62-63
Combine the sentences in each group to make one sentence. Some of your sentences will be simple, and some will be compound. There may be more than one possible correct way to combine each group.
Write the sentences as a paragraph.
It is often said that women are the weaker sex, but women are actually superior to men in several ways. 2. First of all , women live longer and stay healthier than men in all countries of the world. 3. This difference starts at birth and continues until old age. 4. On the average, women live seven years longer than men in the US. 5 There are 105 boys to every 100 girls at birth, but there are twice as many women as men at age 80.
6. Second, women are bttter than men at things that involve the five senses.
7. Women have a sharper sense of taste and smell.
8. Third, men are physically stronger than women, but women are mentally stronger.
9. For example, more men women had emotional problems during bombing attacks on London in World War II
10. Do you still believe that women are “the weaker sex?”
Chapter 3 Giving instructions
How to have a successful garage sale
If the steps in your instructions must be in a specific order (such as in the model paragraph about how to have a successful garage sale), use time-order signals.
If the order doesn’t matter, use listing ordr signals
Prepare ahead in order to have a successful garage sale, First, collect used items in good condition. These items can be clothes, toys, books, dishes, lamps, furniture, TVS, pictures, and sporting goods. Clean everything well and store it in your garage until the day of the sale. Next decide on a day and time for your sale. Third, decide on the prices, and mark a price on each item. If you are not sure how much to charge, check the prices at other garage sales in your community. Fourth make signs advertising the date, time, and address of your sale, and put them up around your neighborhood. Then get some change from the bank. Get at least twenty dollars in one dollar bills, a roll of quarters, and a roll of dimes. Finally get up early on the morning of the sale, and arrange the items on tables in your driveway and in your garage. After that, sit back and wait for your customers to arrive, be prepared to bargain! If you follow all of these steps, your garage sale will be success.
Class 2
Listing order
Listing order means the steps you take in writing a paragraph. For E.g. Look at the garage sale
See where it says First,-.-.-.-.-.-.--.-.-.--.-.-.--...-.-. ---.
Now Look where it says next, -,.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.--.
Now look at where it says third.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-...-.--.-.-.-.-. ---.-.-.
Fourth,--.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.
Then, -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. ---.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.
Finally,-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.--.-.-.-.-.-.-.
Timed Order
Arrange, Organize, Categorize
Follow the instruction accurately.
E.g. Timed Order follows a different pattern. For e.g. you arrive at the Riyadh airport coming from London.
You need to go home, your brother gets the car but he does not know the route, how to get home. You follow a step by step procedure this is timed order.
First come out of the car park, Turn right on to the main road, after driving for 500 meters
Go to Motorway/Highway? Free way Drive for 20 Kilo meters, then take exit 14, then turn to King Abdul Aziz st. Your house is 3rd on the right. As soon as you enter the king Abdul Aziz st you have reached home.
Another e.g. is to cook the rice
E.g. 2 first take 5 cups of Rice, Second Use the same cup and put 10 cups of water, Cook in High flame, third take the top lid off the rice. Fourth Turn the flame to low and wait for 15 minutes. Fifth Wait another 10 minutes before you serve. Finally it is ready to be served.
Another e.g. 3 How to change oil in your car
Take steps follow procedure
Buy oil, Open the Car Bonnet, Open the oil lid or cap, Open the filter, Get an empty bucket, Loosen the old filter, Empty oil into the bucket, wait it nearly drips to the last drop, and d then put new filter and then pour New oil you purchased from the shop. Close oil cap.
soothe
Calm quiet relieve make comfortable
PAGE 69
Practice 1
It's easy to write a paragraph if you follow the 4 four steps in the writing process
2. It is simple to fix bikes puncture, if you see someone do it.
3. Anyone can learn to speak English if he or she is keen to practice.
4. Follow these instructions to reach the airport.
5. Make/Draw/Write/cook a perfect cook by following these steps.
PAGE 70
B Now choose a topic as if you are writing a paragraph
PAGE 71
LISTING ORDER SIGNALS Timed order signals
First,*. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *FIRST
First of all ,*. * * * * * * * * * * * *FIRST OF ALL
Second,*. * * * * * * * * * * * * * SECOND
THIRD,,* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *THIRD
IN ADDITION, ,*. * * * * * * * * *NEXT
ALSO,* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *AFTER THAT,
Finally,
Listing order or Timed Order
Practice 2 LO or TO
1 To
2 Lo
3 To
4 Lo
5 Lo
PAGE 72
6 Lo
7 To
8 To
9 To
10 Lo
Practice 3
How to prevent jet lag
1
3
5
2
4
Now put them in order and write a paragraph
PAGE 73
How to drive your teacher crazy (TO)
1
4
3
5
2
How to plan family vacation
3
4
5
1
2
6
How to wax a car
1
6
3
7
5
2
8
4
Page 76
Dependent
Independent
Clause=section, part passage
Phrase-=expression, saying, idiom, axiom slogan,
Sentence
Now we will lean about complex sentence.
A clause is a group of words that contain a subject and a verb. There are two kinds of clauses in English. Independent clauses and dependent clauses
Clause means a passage a section or part small part)
Independent Clause
Dependent clause l
Subject Verb
It rained
Dependent Clause
S V
Because it rained
1. An independent clause has one SV pair and expresses a complete thought.
2. Independent clause is just another name for a simple sentence.
Subject VERB
Paris has excellent art museums.
We finished our home work
A dependent clause is an independent clause with an subordinating word, such as because , after, and when added to the beginning of it.
Subordinating word.
Subject Verb
Because Paris has excellent art museums
Subordinating word s v
After we finished our homework
A dependent clause does not express a complete thought, so ti is not a sentence by itself. It is only half of a sentence. It must be joined to an independent clause, Together two clauses express A COMPLETE THOUGHT
IC DC
Art students should visit paris because it has excellent art museums
After we finished our homework we watched tv for a while
Adverb Sobordinators
Underlined sentence is not a complete sentence so it is dependent caluse or dependent clauses
All green sentece is subordinating clauses
I go home after class
I will go home as soon as it stops raining
I went to coffee shop before class
I have been at school since 9 am
We don’t go home until we finish home work
I was having coffee when you came
Eat food whenever you are hungry
Dry your clothes while it is sunny
Practice 5 page 79
3 IC 9 IC
4 IC 10 DC WHEN
5 DC 11 IC
6 IC 12 DC AS SOON AS
7 DC AFTER 13 IC
8IC
P6 page 80
2 We were very excited when we won
3 After we got our first payment, we started planning a trip to Italy
4 Before we left on our trip, we wrote to our cousins in Rome and told them our plans.
5 As soon as they received our letter, they called and invited us to stay with them.
6. They were waiting at the airport when we arrived
7.They waited outside while the Italian officials checked our passports and languages.
8 Finally, after we got our suitcases, they drove us to their home.
9 As soon as we arrived at their apartment, they wanted to feed us.
10 We ate one delicious home cooked dish after another until we were stuffed
11 We fell asleep as soon as our heads hit the pillows.
12.Almost 24 hours had passed since we left home
B page 80
1 b 5 h
2 g 6 a
3 f 7 d
4 e 8 c
Practice 6 B
The trip began badly B
It was almost noon G
As soon as I threw out my fishing line F
I spent most of the afternoon untangling my line E
After we had been fishing for a couple of hours H
We were totally wet A
When we got back home D
It will be a long, long time C
A miserable fishing trip
Please write the above in sentences
Practice 6 c
Turn back to practice 5 on page 79. Write complex sentences by combining independent clauses with dependent time clauses as follows.
1.combine 1 and 2:
I take a walk around the block before I go to work.
The exercise wakes up my body and clears my mind Its hard to do this in winter.
2.Combine 5 and 6:
When I go to work, it is still dark.
3.Combine 7 and 8 :
After I get home from work, It is dark again.
4.Combine 10 and 1:
When it is raining, of course, I never go out.
5. Combine 12 and 13
On rainy days, as soon as the alarm clock rings, I turn over and go back to sleep.
Sentence errors: Fragments
Fragment is a piece
Or part of the sentence so it is a dependent clause.
Before the test began
As soon as you get home.
To fix this problem add independent clause the fragment.
The teacher passed out pencils and paper before the test began
Call me as soon as you get home.
Practice 7 p82
Identify if it is a fragment or sentence
Remember fragment is also called a dependent clause.
1f Before I learned to speak English well.
2F Every night , after I finish my homework.
3f As soon as we had the crash
4 s The bicycle racers stopped to rest before they started up the mountain
5s wait until your hear the bell.
6f Whenever my children have a school holiday.
7s I work at night while my husband stays home with the children.
Would you like to own a pair of designer jeans but cant afford to pay designer prices?
Follow these instructions to make your own pair of stylish ripped and faded jeans. First, buy a pair of inexpensive new jeans, or use a pair that you already own. Second find the direction of the lines in the denim fabric, and rub a knife back and forth inb the opposite direction. You can also use a chese frater or a nail file. Keep rubbing until white threads appear. You want the white threads to stay there, so donjt cut them. Next, dip an old toothbrush into bleach and run it around the edges of the balack pockets and over the vbelt loops after that, mix a little bleach with water in a spray bottle, and spray the thighs and seat of the jeans. Then rub sandpaper on the hems of the legs to fray them, and rup one corner of a back pocket. After you wash and dry the jeans several times, your new jeans will look sylish old.
Practice 2 Page 101
Carl is a bad driver
He always, drives 20 mph above the speed limit
He changes lanes frequently.
He never uses his turn signals.
Practice 4 Page 102
There were greasy stains on the seats.
Candy wrappers and empty cigaret te packages littered the floor.
You couldn’t see through the windows.
The door handles were sticky.
5. Every table was occupied.
The cafeteria line stretched out the door.
Students yelled across the room to their friends.
Dishes, trays, and utensils banged together.
Practice 3:
The Limousine was quite luxurious. It was at least fifteen feet long. It had six doors and could carry ten passengers comfortably. The outside of the limousine was silver in color. The shine from so much chrome hurt your eyes. The inside had soft white leather seats and thick white cartpet. There was a sound system, a television ste, a VCR and a shelf full of movies to watch.There was also a refrigerator full of drinks, a bucket of ice, two trays of sandwiches, a large bowl of fruit, and several small bowls of nuts and candy.
Practice 4
My roommate’s half of our refrigerator is very neat.
A On the top shelf is a cartoon of milk, a pitcher of orange juice, and a bottle of mineral water.
B On the next shelf are cans of soda,
C On the third shelf, he keeps dairy food, such as butter cheese eggs and yogurt.
D On the botton shelf sit plastic containers of leftovers,
E There are two drawers in the bottom of the refrigerator.
My roommate is an organized person, and his half of our refrigerator really reflects his personality.
Grammar
What is an adjective
A description of noun or pronoun
I have a car
Caris noun
I have a Red Car
I have a phone
I have a black phone
You can also ask a question the answer is adjective
I have a car
Q what is the color of your car?
My Cars color is green
Adjective s are never plural
Always singular
Big feet not Bigs feet
Terrible memories (not terrible memories)
My home is painted green
Practice 5 P106
S 2 Main, paint, black, blue, green, yellow, white, different
S 3 terrible
S 4 several, big
S 5 broken, strong
S 6.back, rusty, front, cracked
S 7 terrible
S 8 passenger, door, missing, passenger’
S 9 ten, large
S 10 gas, broken
S 11 (none)
S12 broken
S13 first, old, few, my, perfect
Q2 outside to inside.
Practice 6
2Big blackCLOUDS announced an approaching rainstorm.
3 Colorful rectangularflags hung from every window. (here color is not color green but opinion)
4 Children played on the thick green grass
5,I dream about relaxing on a beautiful white sandbeach
6They got married in a small Italian stone
7 The parents left their two young children with the grandparents whil they worked
8 Mr. Thomson’s advanced English class has thirty students
9The real estate agent pointed out Several minor
Problems with the house.
10 Four large bedroom windows were broken.
P7 page 110
1. The people want a smart, experienced, honest leader.
2. Most students like friendly, enthusiastic, imaginative teachers.
3. I am tired of the cold, rainy weather.
4. I am looking forward to the warm, sunny, relaxing days of summer.
5. The prince in a fairy tale is either tall, dark, and handsome or tall, blond, and handsome.
6. A fairy-tale prince is never short, bald, and ugly.
Practice8
Red cumulative Green Coordinating adjectives
2Four shiny black limousines were parked outside the hotel.
3. The small redapples looked sweet, crisp, juicy, and delicious.
4. Hundreds ofhappy, cheering football fans ran onto the field.
5. The pretty new French teacher is from Qubec.
6. My father bought a beautiful antique Persianrug as a twentieth anniversary gift for my mother.
Sit=assemble
Practice 9: Editing adjectives page 110
Find and correct the errors in the following sentences. In some sentences, commas are missing. In other sentences, adjectives are in the wrong order.
1. The hungry, frightened dog waited for someone to feed him.
2. The little black dog waited for someone to feed him
3. M y mother always bakesa delicious chocolatecake for little bother’s birthday.
4. For his tenth birthday, he received a new metal baseball bat.
5. The coach’s enthusiastic, supportive manner gave the team confidence.
Practice 10 Writing sentences with adjectives page 111
2 I also saw a pair of dirty, smelly sports socks.
3 Then I discovered a box of broken yellow pencils.
4. Next to it, I found a greasy paper bag with dried-up French fries inside it.
5 the discovery of several empty soda bottles and cans didn’t surprise me.
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identify which one is a fact and which one is opinion //
تحديد الحقيقه والرأي
Facts and opinions The sun rises in the east The sunrise was beautiful this morning
The temperature of the lake is
55 degrees F. The lake is too cold for swimming.
According to highway accidentReports, uing a cell phone while driving Is dangerous.
Using a cellphone while driving is dangerous.
Women could not vote in the United Everyone should vote
States until 1920
Mrs. Kingsley said, “I am a good Mrs. Kingsley is a good mother.
Mother”
Fact or opinion
http://translate.google.comFINALLY,*. * * * * * * * * * * *Then